From Ingestion to Intracellular Delivery
- After ingestion, liposomal particles remain stable through the digestive tract.
- In the small intestine, liposomes are absorbed via endocytosis—where cells engulf the entire particle—or through direct fusion with the enterocyte membrane.
- Once inside circulation, liposomes can be taken up by tissues and deliver their contents intracellularly, bypassing the need for metabolic conversion or enzymatic activation.
This matters for longevity molecules like NMN and NR, which must reach cells intact to effectively raise NAD+ levels. It’s also essential for redox molecules like glutathione, which are otherwise broken down in the gut and reassembled inefficiently by the liver.